@PhdThesis{jiang07b,
  author =	 {Hong Jiang},
  title =	 {From Rational to Emotional Agents},
  school =	 {University of South Carolina},
  year =	 2007,
  abstract =	 {To date, most research on multiagent systems has
                  focused on rational utilitymaximizing
                  agents. However, theories show that emotions have a
                  strong effect on human’s physical states,
                  motivations, beliefs, and desires. The details have
                  not been explicated clearly so far. In artificial
                  intelligence, emotions have begun to receive more
                  attention, but mostly in human-robot/computer
                  interaction. The research on applying emotions to
                  agents’ decision-making is still very limited. Can
                  agents be intelligent without emotions? We believe
                  that, whether for humanlike or non-human-like
                  agents, the effect of emotions on decision-making
                  cannot be ignored, since agents with high emotional
                  quotients (EQs) can be built to have better
                  performance in complex dynamic environments than
                  purely rational agents. This research focuses on the
                  effects of emotions on decision-making. Taking into
                  account the incompleteness of emotion theories and
                  emotional differences among individuals, I describe
                  EBDI, a common architecture for emotional agents,
                  which specifies a separate emotion mechanism within
                  an agent, instead of trying to model emotion
                  mechanisms to reflect the reasoning process
                  specifically, like most researchers have done. It
                  reflects the practical reasoning process, and one
                  can select and apply part of an emotion theory into
                  the architecture as needed. Sample agents in
                  Tileworld are presented and the results show that an
                  EBDI agent can have better performance than
                  traditional BDI agents. To apply EBDI in
                  negotiation, a plug-in is designed, which modifies
                  the OCC model, a standard model for emotion
                  synthesis, to generate emotions. Considering the
                  possibility of incorporating emotions into
                  negotiation, I generate EWOD (EmotionalWorth-
                  Oriented Domain), which requires numerical
                  emotions. Thus, a mapping from 22 OCC emotions to
                  3-dimension numerical PAD emotions is
                  given. Finally, I describe how PAD emotions affect
                  the negotiation strategy and provide an evaluation
                  which shows that it can be used to implement
                  emotional agents that mimic human emotions during
                  negotiation. Thus we can design high EQ agents for
                  negotiation according to specific design
                  purposes. Since negotiation is used widely in many
                  different domains, this research, based on a general
                  process of negotiation, can also be widely applied
                  to other areas.},
  url = 	 {http://jmvidal.cse.sc.edu/papers/jiang07b.pdf},
  keywords = 	 {emotional agents}
}